Sexually Transmitted Diseases are nowadays a critical health problem.
Diseases that are primarily sexually transmitted include, but are not limited to, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia infections, genital herpes, bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas infections, human papillomavirus infections, hepatitis, and significant HIV infection. Often, the term Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) is used instead of the term Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) to include cases of people who do not show symptoms.
Preventing the spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases requires changing habits and practices.
A. Need to adopt safer practices (systematic condom use).
B. Comprehensive treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases that includes:
- diagnosis (clinical/laboratory)
- appropriate treatment
- informing and prompting the partner
Bacteria
Gonorrhea and chlamydial infections are caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, respectively, and appear mainly with yellow or whitish fluid discharge from the vagina or penis, as well as a "burning" sensation when urinating. Fluid culture or molecular methods are required for diagnosis, and treatment includes an intramuscular injection of an antibiotic and a day's course of oral antibiotics.
Syphilis is caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum, which can remain in the body in a latent state. In the initial phase, it presents as a painless ulcer in the genitals, pharynx, or anus. The diagnosis is made through serological tests and is ultimately treated with antibiotic treatment with penicillin. If the disease is not treated effectively, it leads to chronic complications from the brain, heart, and permanent skin damage.
Viral
Human wart disease (HPV) is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact with the affected area. Benign forms appear as lumps on the genitals, while some strains are considered responsible for cervical cancer. It is diagnosed through colposcopy, proctoscopy, and Pap test and is usually treated with laser, cryo-coagulation, and surgical removal. Prevention is achieved with a particular vaccine.
Genital herpes appears on the skin and mucous membranes as blisters and is caused by the HSV-2 virus. Clinical examination, blood tests, and fluid culture make a diagnosis. It remains in the body in a latent form and reappears when the immune system is weak. Antiviral drugs are usually given to relieve symptoms.
Protozoic
Trichomonas infection is manifested by foul-smelling vaginal discharge, itching, and irritation of the genitals. The diagnosis is made by fluid culture, and the sexual partner must also undergo treatment for 7 days.
Parasites
Genital lice are arthropods. Any sexual contact spreads them and is visible to the naked eye. They are not a health risk but cause severe itching and irritation. They are treated with local antiparasitic treatment.
